Hepatitis B Virus envelope Antibody (HBe Ab)

Complete blood count (CBC) is a type of blood test that helps determine an individual's overall health. This test evaluates red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and white blood cells , which fight infections and other diseases. There are five major types of white blood cells, and the CBC test measures the total number of white cells in the blood.CBC test includes an absolute and differential count of basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil that measures the levels of these cells in the blood. CBC also measures the levels of platelets, which help prevent and stop bleeding. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells, and the Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) test measures the average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) test determines the average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell (RBC). Hematocrit/ Packed Cell Volume (PCV) measures the proportion of red blood cells, and red cell distribution width (RDW) evaluates the differences in the volume and size of your red blood cells. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of the red blood cells. Complete blood counts can help detect various disorders, including infections, anemia, and diseases affecting blood components.

Liver function tests are blood tests used to diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. LFT screening test is indicated in patients with hepatitis for screening, cirrhosis(scarring of liver) for measuring severity of the disease, and alcoholic liver disease. LFT measures the level of liver enzymes like alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) present in the blood. Increased liver enzymes in the blood may indicate liver damage in the body. LFT test also includes Bilirubin Total, Direct & Indirect tests that measure the levels of bilirubin in the blood.

The Aspartate Aminotransferase test or SGOT test is done to detect proper liver function. AST is also called Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) Test. The levels of AST are raised when there is occurrence of liver damage. Elevated AST levels in the blood can determine the presence of conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or other situations causing liver damage such as drug use. High levels of AST, abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice (yellow skin), or exposure to the hepatitis virus indicate the risk of damaged liver.

An Alkaline Phosphatase test (ALP test) is used to determine the levels of alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the blood. . Elevated levels of Alkaline Phosphatase indicate cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), viral hepatitis, and congestive heart failure (a heart condition where heart is unable to pump blood as well as it should). Hence, this test is performed as a part of the liver function test or if one experiences symptoms of obstructive liver disorder like loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Lower levels of alkaline phosphatase are a sign of lack of zinc, malnutrition, pernicious anemia (reduced levels of red blood cells and inability to absorb vitamin B12), thyroid disease, Wilson’s disease (a rare disorder where there is too much accumulation of copper in the liver, brain and other organs), or hypophosphatasia (a rare genetic disease that affects bones and teeth). This test is also indicated in the case of possible metabolic bone disorders such as bone pain and sensitivity to bone fractures.

A serum albumin test examines the amount of albumin in the body. Albumin is a protein that is made by the liver. The serum albumin test is done as a part of the routine check-up and can aid in diagnosing liver disorder, kidney disease, malnutrition, unintended weight loss, and chronic kidney disease, as lower albumin serum levels increase the risk for CKD progression.

The prothrombin time, or PT test, is a test to evaluate blood clotting. Prothrombin is a protein produced by the liver and is one of many factors in the blood that help it clot appropriately. A blood test is used to determine PT it is expressed as an International Normalized Ratio (INR). The PT/INR test is useful for monitoring people receiving blood-thinning medicines that are commonly prescribed for cardiovascular conditions. PT/INR test is also a prerequisite for patients undergoing surgery.

AFP test determines the risk of developing specific genetic disorders and birth abnormalities in the growing fetus. AFP is a protein produced by a growing baby. AFP normally flows from the baby into the pregnant woman's blood. Certain circumstances can cause a baby's body to produce more or less AFP. If the AFP blood levels are higher or lower than usual during pregnancy, it might mean that the baby has an increased risk of having a genetic disorder, such as a neural tube defect (abnormal development of the brain and spinal cord) or aneuploidies such as Down syndrome (trisomy -21).

A rheumatoid factor test is done to measure the level of rheumatoid antibodies in the body. Rheumatoid antibodies are autoantibodies (antibodies produced against substances (antigens) produced by person’s own body). The doctor may advise this test to diagnose rheumatic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases like Sjogren’s syndrome (an immune system disorder causing dry eyes and dry mouth), or Lupus Erythematosus (an immune disorder that can affect joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs), and diagnose chronic infections.

The Hepatitis B virusenvelope antibody (HBE AB) test is used as a prognostic and monitoring test and check the severity of diseases caused by the Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. This testis performed in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B conditions as this test checks the progression of liver disease. If this test is positive, the patient has been infected with HBV.

The HBeAg test detects the levels of hepatitis B e-antigen in the blood. HBe antigen is a protein released from the hepatitis B virus, which circulates in infected blood in its active state. If the antigen is present in the blood, the person is positive for HBeAg and has an active Hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B can be transmitted via blood, semen, or other body fluids of an infected person to a body of someone who is not infected. Clinically, Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Antigen is used to determine infectivity, viral replication (generation of new virus particles to infect other healthy cells), inflammation, the severity of disease, and response to antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis B infection.

Complete blood count (CBC) is a type of blood test that helps determine an individual's overall health. This test evaluates red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and white blood cells , which fight infections and other diseases. There are five major types of white blood cells, and the CBC test measures the total number of white cells in the blood.CBC test includes an absolute and differential count of basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil that measures the levels of these cells in the blood. CBC also measures the levels of platelets, which help prevent and stop bleeding. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells, and the Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) test measures the average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) test determines the average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell (RBC). Hematocrit/ Packed Cell Volume (PCV) measures the proportion of red blood cells, and red cell distribution width (RDW) evaluates the differences in the volume and size of your red blood cells. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of the red blood cells. Complete blood counts can help detect various disorders, including infections, anemia, and diseases affecting blood components.

The Alanine amino-transferase test, also known as the serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) test, is done to measure the amount of alanine amino-transferase (ALT) enzyme in the blood. SGPT / ALT are excellent markers of hepatocellular injury. ALT is normally found in liver cells and released in the blood when the liver gets damaged. Elevated ALT levels indicate the presence of viral infection, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, or muscle injury. The ALT test is indicated in patients having a family history of liver disease, jaundice, exposure to the hepatitis virus, or being a heavy drinker.

The Aspartate Aminotransferase test or SGOT test is done to detect proper liver function. AST is also called Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) Test. The levels of AST are raised when there is occurrence of liver damage. Elevated AST levels in the blood can determine the presence of conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or other situations causing liver damage such as drug use. High levels of AST, abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice (yellow skin), or exposure to the hepatitis virus indicate the risk of damaged liver.

An Alkaline Phosphatase test (ALP test) is used to determine the levels of alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the blood. . Elevated levels of Alkaline Phosphatase indicate cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), viral hepatitis, and congestive heart failure (a heart condition where heart is unable to pump blood as well as it should). Hence, this test is performed as a part of the liver function test or if one experiences symptoms of obstructive liver disorder like loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Lower levels of alkaline phosphatase are a sign of lack of zinc, malnutrition, pernicious anemia (reduced levels of red blood cells and inability to absorb vitamin B12), thyroid disease, Wilson’s disease (a rare disorder where there is too much accumulation of copper in the liver, brain and other organs), or hypophosphatasia (a rare genetic disease that affects bones and teeth). This test is also indicated in the case of possible metabolic bone disorders such as bone pain and sensitivity to bone fractures.

A serum albumin test examines the amount of albumin in the body. Albumin is a protein that is made by the liver. The serum albumin test is done as a part of the routine check-up and can aid in diagnosing liver disorder, kidney disease, malnutrition, unintended weight loss, and chronic kidney disease, as lower albumin serum levels increase the risk for CKD progression.

A rheumatoid factor test is done to measure the level of rheumatoid antibodies in the body. Rheumatoid antibodies are autoantibodies (antibodies produced against substances (antigens) produced by person’s own body). The doctor may advise this test to diagnose rheumatic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases like Sjogren’s syndrome (an immune system disorder causing dry eyes and dry mouth), or Lupus Erythematosus (an immune disorder that can affect joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs), and diagnose chronic infections.

HBsAg is a hepatitis B virus surface protein that can be found in high levels in the serum during acute or chronic infection. The presence of HBsAg suggests that the individual has been infected with the hepatitis B virus. Antibodies against HBsAg are often produced by the body as part of a healthy immunological response to infection. The Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using the antigen HBsAg. This test confirms hepatitis B infection in individuals at risk of acquiring infection, such as hemodialysis patients (hemodialysis is a process of filtering waste products from the blood using the machine), IV drug users, etc.

HBsAg screening/Hepatitis B (rapid) test, , is used to detect Hepatitis B virus infection and to monitor the ongoing treatment of Hepatitis. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is the diagnostic marker used for detection of HBV infection and is considered one of the first indicators of the infection. These tests offer a number of benefits, including easily accessible results, testing convenience, and also help to diagnose the disease at earlier stages. The doctor may advise this test in cases of suggestive symptoms of Hepatitis. This test also helps screen hepatitis B infection in individuals at risk of acquiring infection, such as hemodialysis patients (hemodialysis is a process of filtering waste products from the blood using the machine), IV drug users, etc.

The hepatitis B virus core IgM antibody test is used to detect the presence of IgM antibodies produced against the hepatitis B virus in the initial (acute) phase of infection. Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus that affects the liver. IgM is the only serologic marker detectable during the “ window period” when neither Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) nor Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) is detectable. Anti-hepatitis B core IgM antibody is detected in serum and is usually present for up to 6 months after acute HBV infection. Anti-hepatitis B core IgM antibody is a serologic marker of a recent hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis B Virus Core Total Antibody (HBcAb or Anti-HBc) is a blood test performed to detect the total hepatitis B core antibody in Hepatitis B exposed individuals. Hepatitis B is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. The HbcAb appears at the onset of symptoms in acute hepatitis B and can persist for a lifetime. The presence of anti-HBc is suggestive of prior or continuing infection with hepatitis B virus.

HBV DNA PCR quantitative, real-time PCR test is used for detecting and quantifying (evaluating viral load) hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the serum of patients with chronic HBV infection. Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. The presence of HBV DNA in serum is a reliable marker of active HBV replication. A blood sample is used for the HBV DNA test, and a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method is used to quickly produce HBV DNA fragments that can be measured. This test helps to determine the viral load, monitor disease progression in chronic HBV infection, and response to anti-HBV therapy.